Difference between revisions of "Consonant /r/ phoneme"

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==Practice activities and materials==
 
==Practice activities and materials==
Minimal pairs, which contrast a target sound with a sound that is a separate phoneme, are typical starting points for production and practice activities, particularly comparing /r/ with /l/ for East Asian students. The /r/ - /l/ contrast should be shown with minimal pair contrasts in syllable-initial, consonant cluster, medial, and final position.  
+
Minimal pairs, which contrast a target sound with a sound that is a separate phoneme, are typical starting points for production and practice activities, particularly comparing /r/ with /l/ for East Asian students. The /r/ - /l/ contrast should be shown with minimal pair contrasts in syllable-initial, consonant cluster, medial, and final position. For more on types of minimal pairs activities to train listeners to discern and produce sounds, see the following.
 +
# [[Pronunciation: Listening exercises]]
 +
# [[Pronunciation: Production exercises]]
 +
# [[Pronunciation: Controlled activities]]
 +
# [[Pronunciation: Interactive activities]]
  
 
===Basic practice minimal pairs===
 
===Basic practice minimal pairs===
{| class="apatable"
+
{| class="wikitable"  
 +
! monosyllabic !! multi-syllabic
 
|-
 
|-
| believed <br> blackish <br>climb <br>clouded <br>glamor  <br>implicated
+
|  
| bereaved  <br> brackish <br> crime  <br> crowded  <br> grammar <br> imprecated
+
{|
| &nbsp;  
+
|-
| loo   <br> liver  <br> light-handed  <br> playing   <br> locker  <br> splaying   
+
| style="padding-right:5em;"| bled    <br> clap <br> climb   <br> cloud    <br> flog    <br> flute    <br> gloom    <br> lock    <br> play    <br> coal    <br> feel    <br> file <br> loo  <br> tile
| rue   <br> river  <br> right-handed    <br> praying   <br> rocker  <br>  spraying
+
| style="padding-right:5em;"| bread    <br> crap <br> crime  <br> crowd    <br> frog    <br> fruit    <br>  groom    <br> rock    <br> pray    <br> core    <br> fear    <br> fire  <br> rue <br> tire
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| style="padding-right:5em;"| aloe <br> believed  <br> blackish   <br>clouded <br> collective <br>glamor  <br>implicated  <br> liver  <br> light-handed  <br> playing <br> pleasant  <br> locker  <br> splaying  <br> splinter
 +
| style="padding-right:5em;"|  arrow <br> bereaved   <br> brackish    <br> crowded  <br> corrective <br> grammar  <br> imprecated    <br> river  <br> right-handed    <br> praying <br> present <br> rocker  <br>  spraying <br> sprinter
 +
|}
 
|}
 
|}
  
Line 99: Line 112:
 
==Consonant clusters with /r/==
 
==Consonant clusters with /r/==
 
The following are near-minimal pairs that contrast consonant clusters with /r/ with simple consonants.  
 
The following are near-minimal pairs that contrast consonant clusters with /r/ with simple consonants.  
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! colspan=7 align="center" | /r/ consonant clusters
 +
|-
 +
|| /br/
 +
|| raid
 +
 +
braid
 +
|| rat
 +
 +
brat
 +
|| rude
 +
 +
brood
 +
|| rook
 +
 +
brook
 +
|| rouse
 +
 +
browse
 +
|| rack
 +
 +
brack
 +
|-
 +
|| /pr/
 +
|| ray
 +
 +
pray
 +
|| rat
 +
 +
prat
 +
|| rod
 +
 +
prod
 +
|| rune
 +
 +
prune
 +
|| Roxie
 +
 +
proxy
 +
|| roost
 +
 +
Proust
 +
|-
 +
|| /gr/
 +
|| rid
 +
 +
grid
 +
|| ripe
 +
 +
gripe
 +
|| ram
 +
 +
gram
 +
|| wrist
 +
 +
grist
 +
|| rove
  
 +
grove
 +
|| rump
  
 +
grump
 +
|-
 +
|| /kr/
 +
|| rack
 +
 +
crack
 +
|| rain
 +
 +
crane
 +
|| reed
 +
 +
creed
 +
|| rhyme
 +
 +
crime
 +
|| rose
 +
 +
crows
 +
|| ram
 +
 +
cram
 +
|-
 +
|| /dr/
 +
|| roan
 +
 +
drone
 +
|| rain
 +
 +
drain
 +
|| red
 +
 +
dread
 +
|| ram
 +
 +
dram
 +
|| rouse
 +
 +
drowse
 +
|| raw
 +
 +
draw
 +
|-
 +
|| /tr/
 +
|| rate
 +
 +
trait
 +
|| ripe
 +
 +
tripe
 +
|| ramp
 +
 +
tramp
 +
|| rend
 +
 +
trend
 +
|| rim
 +
 +
trim
 +
|| rot
 +
 +
trot
 +
|-
 +
|| /fr/
 +
|| ride
 +
 +
fried
 +
|| reek
 +
 +
freak
 +
|| rate
 +
 +
freight
 +
|| round
 +
 +
frowned
 +
|| wrench
 +
 +
French
 +
|| rap
 +
 +
frappe
 +
|-
 +
|| /ʃr/
 +
|| Rhine
 +
 +
shrine
 +
|| rift
 +
 +
shrift
 +
|| rub
 +
 +
shrub
 +
|| rink
 +
 +
shrink
 +
|| red
 +
 +
shred
 +
||
 +
|-
 +
|| /θr/
 +
|| row
 +
 +
throw
 +
|| rust
 +
 +
thrust
 +
|| roan
 +
 +
throne
 +
|| rive
 +
 +
thrive
 +
|| race
 +
 +
Thrace
 +
|| red
 +
 +
thread
 +
|-
 +
|| /spr/
 +
|| rain
 +
 +
sprain
 +
|| right
 +
 +
sprite
 +
|| rung
 +
 +
sprung
 +
|| rue
 +
 +
sprue
 +
|| rout
 +
 +
sprout
 +
|| ring
 +
 +
spring
 +
|-
 +
|| /skr/
 +
|| ream
 +
 +
scream
 +
|| rough
 +
 +
scruff
 +
|| ram
 +
 +
scram
 +
|| reach
 +
 +
screech
 +
||
 +
||
 +
|-
 +
|| /str/
 +
|| robe
 +
 +
strobe
 +
|| rate
 +
 +
straight
 +
|| ripe
 +
 +
strip
 +
|| rove
 +
 +
strove
 +
|| reek
 +
 +
streak
 +
|| rum
 +
 +
strum
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
  
 
==More minimal pairs==
 
==More minimal pairs==
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! colspan="5"  align=center| initial
 +
|-
 +
|| la rah
 +
 +
lace race
 +
 +
lacy racy
 +
 +
lack rack
 +
 +
lade raid
 +
 +
lag rag
 +
 +
lair rare
 +
 +
lake rake
 +
 +
lamb ram
 +
 +
lamp ramp
 +
 +
land rand
 +
 +
lane rain
 +
 +
lane reign
 +
 +
lank rank
 +
 +
lap rap
 +
 +
laser raiser
 +
 +
latch ratch
 +
 +
late rate
 +
 +
lather rather
 +
 +
latter ratter
 +
 +
laud roared
 +
 +
laughed raft
 +
 +
laughter rafter
 +
 +
lave rave
 +
 +
lavish ravish
 +
 +
law raw
 +
 +
law roar
 +
 +
lay ray
 +
 +
lays raise
 +
 +
laze raise
 +
|| leach reach
 +
 +
lead read
 +
 +
leader reader
 +
 +
leading reading
 +
 +
leaden redden
 +
 +
leaf reef
 +
 +
leap reap
 +
 +
leer rear
 +
 +
legally regally
 +
 +
legion region
 +
 +
lend rend
 +
 +
lent rent
 +
 +
lender render
 +
 +
lens wrens
 +
 +
lentil rental
 +
 +
lest rest
 +
 +
let ret
 +
 +
level revel
 +
|| liar wrier
 +
 +
Lib rib
 +
 +
lice rice
 +
 +
lick rick
 +
 +
lie rye
 +
 +
lie wry
 +
 +
lied ride
 +
 +
lies rise
 +
 +
lieu rue
 +
 +
life rife
 +
 +
lift rift
 +
 +
light right
 +
 +
light write
 +
 +
lighter writer
 +
 +
lightest rightist
 +
 +
light-handed right-handed
 +
 +
lightly rightly
 +
 +
like Reich
 +
 +
limb rim
 +
 +
limn rim
 +
 +
lime rhyme
 +
 +
line Rhine
 +
 +
lined rind
 +
 +
ling ring
 +
 +
link rink
 +
 +
list wrist
 +
 +
literally literary
 +
 +
lithe writhe
 +
 +
liver river
 +
|| load road
 +
 +
loam roam
 +
 +
loan roan
 +
 +
loaves roves
 +
 +
lob rob
 +
 +
lobe robe
 +
 +
loch rock
 +
 +
lock rock
 +
 +
locker rocker
 +
 +
locket rocket
 +
 +
lode road
 +
 +
lodger Roger
 +
 +
lolly lorry
 +
 +
long wrong
 +
 +
loo rue
 +
 +
look rook
 +
 +
loom rheum
 +
 +
loon rune
 +
 +
loosed roost
 +
 +
loot root
 +
 +
lope rope
 +
 +
lore roar
 +
 +
lord roared
 +
 +
lose ruse
 +
 +
lot rot
 +
 +
loud rowed
 +
 +
lout rout
 +
 +
|| low roe / row
 +
 +
lowed road
 +
 +
lowed rode
 +
 +
lows rose
 +
 +
lower rower
 +
 +
loyal royal
 +
 +
loyalist royalist
 +
 +
loyalty royalty
 +
 +
lubber rubber
 +
 +
lubberly rubbery
 +
 +
luck ruck
 +
 +
luff rough
 +
 +
luff ruff
 +
 +
lug rug
 +
 +
luge rouge
 +
 +
lugger rugger
 +
 +
lump rump
 +
 +
lung rung
 +
 +
lush rush
 +
 +
lust rust
 +
 +
lusty rusty
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! colspan=5  align=center| initial cluster
 +
|- 
 +
|| blacked bract
 +
 +
blacken bracken
 +
 +
blackish brackish
 +
 +
blade braid
 +
 +
blah bra
 +
 +
blanch branch
 +
 +
bland brand
 +
 +
blaze braise
 +
 +
blazon brazen
 +
 +
bled bread
 +
 +
bled bred
 +
 +
blew brew
 +
 +
blight bright
 +
 +
blighter brighter
 +
 +
blink brink
 +
 +
bloke broke
 +
 +
bloom broom
 +
 +
blouse brows
 +
 +
blouse browse
 +
 +
blue brew
 +
 +
blued brood
 +
 +
bluer brewer
 +
 +
blunt brunt
 +
 +
blush brush
 +
 +
blent Brent
 +
 +
blessed breast
 +
 +
 +
|| clack crack
 +
 +
clam cram
 +
 +
clamor crammer
 +
 +
clamp cramp
 +
 +
clank crank
 +
 +
clap crap
 +
 +
clash crash
 +
 +
clause crores
 +
 +
clue crew
 +
 +
climb crime
 +
 +
clipped crypt
 +
 +
clique creak
 +
 +
cloak croak
 +
 +
clock crock
 +
 +
clone crone
 +
 +
close crows
 +
 +
cloud crowd
 +
 +
clown crown
 +
 +
clucks crux
 +
 +
clutch crutch
 +
|| flagrant fragrant
 +
 +
flail frail
 +
 +
flame frame
 +
 +
flank frank
 +
 +
flawed fraud
 +
 +
flay fray
 +
 +
flays phrase
 +
 +
flea/flee free
 +
 +
fled Fred
 +
 +
flesh fresh
 +
 +
flier friar
 +
 +
flight fright
 +
 +
flock frock
 +
 +
floe fro
 +
 +
floes froze
 +
 +
flog frog
 +
 +
floored fraud
 +
 +
flow fro
 +
 +
flute fruit
 +
 +
fly fry
 +
 +
flan Fran
 +
 +
flank frank
 +
 +
|| glade grade
 +
 +
glamor grammar
 +
 +
gland grand
 +
 +
glass grass
 +
 +
glassy grassy
 +
 +
glaze grays
 +
 +
glaze graze
 +
 +
glazier grazier
 +
 +
glean green
 +
 +
glebe grebe
 +
 +
glimmer grimmer
 +
 +
gloat groat
 +
 +
gloom groom
 +
 +
glow grow
 +
 +
glue grew
 +
 +
 +
 +
|| plank prank
 +
 +
plate prate
 +
 +
play pray / prey
 +
 +
plays praise
 +
 +
pleach preach
 +
 +
pleasance presence
 +
 +
pleasant present
 +
 +
pleasantly pleasantry
 +
 +
plied pride
 +
 +
pliers priors
 +
 +
plod prod
 +
 +
plop prop
 +
 +
plough prow
 +
 +
ploughed proud
 +
 +
ply pry
 +
 +
 +
splay spray
 +
 +
splint sprint
 +
 +
splinter sprinter
 +
 +
split sprit
 +
 +
stalling storing
 +
 +
starling starring
 +
 +
Stirling stirring
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! colspan=5  align=center | medial
 +
|- 
 +
|| airless heiress
 +
 +
alight aright
 +
 +
alive arrive
 +
 +
allay array
 +
 +
allies arise
 +
 +
allows arouse
 +
 +
ally awry
 +
 +
aloe arrow
 +
 +
applies apprise
 +
 +
beggarly beggary
 +
 +
belated berated
 +
 +
believe bereave
 +
 +
belly berry
 +
 +
belly bury
 +
 +
beneficially beneficiary
 +
 +
bestially bestiary
 +
 +
 +
 +
|| calling coring
 +
 +
celebration cerebration
 +
 +
collect correct
 +
 +
collection correction
 +
 +
collective corrective
 +
 +
collie corrie
 +
 +
complies comprise
 +
 +
dearly dearie
 +
 +
Eileen Irene
 +
 +
elect erect
 +
|| fairly fairy
 +
 +
fallow farrow
 +
 +
finally finery
 +
 +
functionally functionary
 +
 +
gallantly gallantry
 +
 +
gently gentry
 +
 +
hallow harrow
 +
 +
Helen heron
 +
 +
hireling hiring
 +
 +
holler horror
 +
 +
implicate imprecate
 +
 +
implication imprecation
 +
 +
jelly jerry
 +
 +
labelling laboring
 +
|| mallow marrow
 +
 +
mandarin mandolin
 +
 +
masterly mastery
 +
 +
Mauritius malicious
 +
 +
miller mirror
 +
 +
mislead misread
 +
 +
molasses morasses
 +
 +
odorous odourless
 +
 +
ovary overly
 +
 +
overclouded overcrowded
 +
 +
overload overrode
 +
 +
overplays overpraise
 +
|| palate parrot
 +
 +
palling poring
 +
 +
palling pouring
 +
 +
pally parry
 +
 +
palace Paris
 +
 +
penitentially penitentiary
 +
 +
pilot pirate
 +
 +
queerly query
 +
 +
Rosalie rosary
 +
 +
savagely savagery
 +
 +
secondly secondary
 +
 +
supplies surprise
 +
 +
sully Surrey
 +
 +
tally tarry
 +
 +
teller terror
 +
 +
telly Terry
 +
 +
towelling towering
 +
 +
usually usury
 +
 +
walling warring
 +
 +
whirling whirring
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! colspan=5  align=center | final
 +
|- 
 +
|| all are
 +
 +
bail bear
 +
 +
bill beer
 +
 +
call car
 +
 +
coal core
 +
 +
|| dial dire
 +
 +
dill deer
 +
 +
feel fear
 +
 +
file fire
 +
 +
final finer
 +
 +
|| foal foar
 +
 +
foal four
 +
 +
goal gore
 +
 +
hole hoar
 +
 +
mile mire
 +
 +
|| mole more
 +
 +
owl hour
 +
 +
pall par
 +
 +
pull poor 
 +
 +
stole store
 +
 +
 +
|| tile tire
 +
 +
wall war
 +
 +
we’ll we’re
 +
 +
well were
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
<references/>
 +
 +
 +
[[Category:Consonants]] [[Category:Phonology]]

Revision as of 00:36, 25 January 2017

The /r/ sound is a consonant in English, written with the letter <r>. It tends to pose challenges for ESL/EFL learners, particularly for those L1 has no similar sound. In older language textbooks, it is referred to as a liquid consonant. In modern terms, it is an approximant consonant, or in layperson's terms, a semi-vowel or semi-consonant. The correct symbol in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is /ɹ/, but for the sake of convenience, the symbol /r/ will be used here. In this article, slash marks like /r/ indicate a phoneme, while angled brackets like <r> indicate a letter or spelling.


1 Linguistic description

  • Place of articulation: The tongue tip approaches the alveolar ridge (the gum ridge above the upper teeth) or behind the alveolar gum ridge; thus, it is alveolar or post-alveolar.
  • Manner of articulation: It is classified as an approximant, that is, it is produced by narrowing the air passageway between the tongue tip and the alveolar region, but not enough to produce any friction in the air stream.
  • Phonation: It is voiced, i.e., the vocal cords (glottis) are in vibration.

In older texts, it was classified as a liquid, along with the /l/ sound. This, however, is a very outdated and imprecise term, as "liquid" was used for alveolar sounds that did not fit neatly into major categories like stops. The tongue tip creates a narrow passageway as it approaches the alveolar region, but the air simply flows through this passageway. For this reason, it is called an approximant, which falls between fricatives and vowels in terms of sonority. Thus, /r/ belongs to the same category as /w/ as in "watt" and the "y" sound as in "yes"[1].

The glottis vibrates and produces a fundamental frequency (F0), which provides the basic intonation of the sounds, particularly the vowels and voiced consonants. As the F0 bounces around the vocal cavity, other harmonic frequencies are produced, including the F1 and F2, which are responsible for vowel quality, and the F3 and F4. When the tongue partially obstructs the mouth near the alveolar area, the F3 and F4 sounds produced give the /r/ sound its distinctive sound, along with the air flowing through this slightly narrowed opening. After a vowel, the /r/ becomes particularly vowel-like, and almost forms a double vowel (diphthong) with the previous vowel, e.g.:

  • bar, bear, beer, boar, bur
  • car, care, core, cure

The distinction between /l/ and /r/ is in tongue contact – for /l/ the tongue touches the alveolar ridge or behind it, while for /r/, the tongue approaches but does not touch the alveolar region or palatal area. Among native English speakers, in first language learning, the /r/ and /w/ sounds are the last sounds that children master in learning English. In some regions or among some speakers, a common variant of /r/ occurs when the tongue bends further back to the pre-palatal area, as in some dialects in Texas and other southern US areas.

1.1 Cross-linguistic comparison

The English /r/ sound (actually, /ɹ/) is rare across the world's languages. One of the few significant languages where it occurs as a phoneme is Icelandic, though it occurs as a variant (allophone) of other <r> sounds in other languages like Thai. The <r> sounds of other languages are often one of the following.

  1. Many languages have trilled /r/ sounds as in Spanish (in proper IPA, the symbol /r/ is actually a trill <r>), or light alveolar tap sounds as in Scandinavian languages.
  2. In some languages like French, German and Dutch, the <r> sound is a trill made by vibrating the uvula in the back of the throat.
  3. Scandinavian languages have light alveolar tap <r> sounds.
  4. In Chinese, the <r> is either (1) a variant of a retroflexed <zh> sound at the beginning of a syllable, like the /ᴣ/ in pleasure with the tongue tip bent back more, with only slight friction; or it is a very retroflexed approximant-like sound after a vowel at the end of a syllable (imagine the pre-palatal Texas /r/ with the tongue bent even further back toward the palate). Examples include (1) rén "person" and (2) ér "child."
  5. Japanese and Korean have alveolar or post-alveolar tap <r> sounds. In Korean, the <r> sound only occurs in the middle of a word (medial position), and not at the beginning or end of a word.

1.2 Teaching /r/ production

Initially, teaching /r/ to learners whose first language has no analogous sound can be difficult. One could start with the Arrr sound of pirate talk as a starting point, then isolating the approximant sound from that. Chinese learners can start with final <r> sounds in Chinese and bending the tongue more toward the alveolar area. For advanced learners, certain English words still pose challenges; for example, words like "squirrel" are notoriously difficult for East Asian learners of English.


2 Practice activities and materials

Minimal pairs, which contrast a target sound with a sound that is a separate phoneme, are typical starting points for production and practice activities, particularly comparing /r/ with /l/ for East Asian students. The /r/ - /l/ contrast should be shown with minimal pair contrasts in syllable-initial, consonant cluster, medial, and final position. For more on types of minimal pairs activities to train listeners to discern and produce sounds, see the following.

  1. Pronunciation: Listening exercises
  2. Pronunciation: Production exercises
  3. Pronunciation: Controlled activities
  4. Pronunciation: Interactive activities

2.1 Basic practice minimal pairs

monosyllabic multi-syllabic
bled
clap
climb
cloud
flog
flute
gloom
lock
play
coal
feel
file
loo
tile
bread
crap
crime
crowd
frog
fruit
groom
rock
pray
core
fear
fire
rue
tire
aloe
believed
blackish
clouded
collective
glamor
implicated
liver
light-handed
playing
pleasant
locker
splaying
splinter
arrow
bereaved
brackish
crowded
corrective
grammar
imprecated
river
right-handed
praying
present
rocker
spraying
sprinter


2.2 Answer the following questions

  1. Would you want your boy to be trained as a pilot or as a pirate?
  2. Are tourists in Mauritius known to be malicious?
  3. Would you prefer a life of glamor, or a life of grammar?
  4. Would you consider yourself right-handed? Would you consider yourself light-handed?
  5. Would you rather be playing or praying right now?
  6. Do you prefer clouded mountaintops, or crowded streets?
  7. Does the water near your place seem blackish or brackish?
  8. Would you prefer to sit by the river, or eat some liver?
  9. Would you like to eat liver by the river?


2.3 Who lives where? (minimal pair sentences)

Match these personal names with place names, creating questions and answers; e.g., “Does John Reese live in Reading? - No, John Reese lives in Leading / No, John Leece lives in Reading”. I believe these are from Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin (2010)[2].

personal names place names
John Leece - John Reese
Betty Lawson - Betty Rorson
Peter Lowe - Peter Roe
Mark Warne - Mark Vaughan
Paul Wayne - Paul Vane
Ann Whicker - Ann Vicker
Alison Ray - Alison Way
Les Right - Les White
Susan Wain - Susan Rayne
Loxwood - Rockswood
Lorton - Rawton
Lambsgate - Ramsgate
Vines Cross - Whines Cross
Vorden - Warden
Venby - Whenby
Ryton - Wyton
Ridcombe - Widcombe
Rateby - Waitby


2.4 Tongue twisters

  1. Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.
  2. Three free throws.
  3. All roads lead to Rome.
  4. Richard’s wretched ratchet wrench.
  5. The rice grows near the river.
  6. A frugal rural ruler.
  7. Are our oars okay?
  8. He’s literally literary.
  9. Climbing crimes are lures for crowded clowns with crowns.
  10. Collecting the corrections is the role of the elderly.
  11. Critical cricket critics.
  12. Three free thugs set three thugs free.
  13. Freshly fried fresh flesh.
  14. I correctly recollect Rebecca MacGregor’s reckoning.
  15. Are Roland and Sally rallying here in their lorry?
  16. Dwayne Dwiddle drew a drawing of dreaded Dracula.
  17. Greta Gruber grabbed a group of green grapes.
  18. A leaky rear latch on the listing bark lifted right up and the water rushed in.
  19. Is there a pleasant peasant present?
  20. It’s the right light with the glimmer in the mirror.
  21. Jerry’s berry jelly really rankled his broiling belly.
  22. Laura and Larry rarely lull their rural roosters to sleep.
  23. Randy Rathborne wrapped a rather rare red rabbit.
  24. Ruby Rugby’s brother bought and brought her some rubber baby-buggy bumpers.
  25. Running rivers reach reckless rapids.
  26. The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver. The rat ran by the river with a lump of raw liver.
  27. There are free fleas for all the loyal royalty.
  28. Tie twine to three tree twigs.
  29. Trina Tweety tripped two twittering twins under a twiggy tree.
  30. Yellow arrows frilled with reefed leaves are rarely light.
  31. How much myrtle would a wood turtle hurdle if a wood turtle could hurdle myrtle? A wood turtle would hurdle as much myrtle as a wood turtle could hurdle if a wood turtle could hurdle myrtle.


3 Consonant clusters with /r/

The following are near-minimal pairs that contrast consonant clusters with /r/ with simple consonants.

/r/ consonant clusters
/br/ raid

braid

rat

brat

rude

brood

rook

brook

rouse

browse

rack

brack

/pr/ ray

pray

rat

prat

rod

prod

rune

prune

Roxie

proxy

roost

Proust

/gr/ rid

grid

ripe

gripe

ram

gram

wrist

grist

rove

grove

rump

grump

/kr/ rack

crack

rain

crane

reed

creed

rhyme

crime

rose

crows

ram

cram

/dr/ roan

drone

rain

drain

red

dread

ram

dram

rouse

drowse

raw

draw

/tr/ rate

trait

ripe

tripe

ramp

tramp

rend

trend

rim

trim

rot

trot

/fr/ ride

fried

reek

freak

rate

freight

round

frowned

wrench

French

rap

frappe

/ʃr/ Rhine

shrine

rift

shrift

rub

shrub

rink

shrink

red

shred

/θr/ row

throw

rust

thrust

roan

throne

rive

thrive

race

Thrace

red

thread

/spr/ rain

sprain

right

sprite

rung

sprung

rue

sprue

rout

sprout

ring

spring

/skr/ ream

scream

rough

scruff

ram

scram

reach

screech

/str/ robe

strobe

rate

straight

ripe

strip

rove

strove

reek

streak

rum

strum


4 More minimal pairs

initial
la rah

lace race

lacy racy

lack rack

lade raid

lag rag

lair rare

lake rake

lamb ram

lamp ramp

land rand

lane rain

lane reign

lank rank

lap rap

laser raiser

latch ratch

late rate

lather rather

latter ratter

laud roared

laughed raft

laughter rafter

lave rave

lavish ravish

law raw

law roar

lay ray

lays raise

laze raise

leach reach

lead read

leader reader

leading reading

leaden redden

leaf reef

leap reap

leer rear

legally regally

legion region

lend rend

lent rent

lender render

lens wrens

lentil rental

lest rest

let ret

level revel

liar wrier

Lib rib

lice rice

lick rick

lie rye

lie wry

lied ride

lies rise

lieu rue

life rife

lift rift

light right

light write

lighter writer

lightest rightist

light-handed right-handed

lightly rightly

like Reich

limb rim

limn rim

lime rhyme

line Rhine

lined rind

ling ring

link rink

list wrist

literally literary

lithe writhe

liver river

load road

loam roam

loan roan

loaves roves

lob rob

lobe robe

loch rock

lock rock

locker rocker

locket rocket

lode road

lodger Roger

lolly lorry

long wrong

loo rue

look rook

loom rheum

loon rune

loosed roost

loot root

lope rope

lore roar

lord roared

lose ruse

lot rot

loud rowed

lout rout

low roe / row

lowed road

lowed rode

lows rose

lower rower

loyal royal

loyalist royalist

loyalty royalty

lubber rubber

lubberly rubbery

luck ruck

luff rough

luff ruff

lug rug

luge rouge

lugger rugger

lump rump

lung rung

lush rush

lust rust

lusty rusty


initial cluster
blacked bract

blacken bracken

blackish brackish

blade braid

blah bra

blanch branch

bland brand

blaze braise

blazon brazen

bled bread

bled bred

blew brew

blight bright

blighter brighter

blink brink

bloke broke

bloom broom

blouse brows

blouse browse

blue brew

blued brood

bluer brewer

blunt brunt

blush brush

blent Brent

blessed breast


clack crack

clam cram

clamor crammer

clamp cramp

clank crank

clap crap

clash crash

clause crores

clue crew

climb crime

clipped crypt

clique creak

cloak croak

clock crock

clone crone

close crows

cloud crowd

clown crown

clucks crux

clutch crutch

flagrant fragrant

flail frail

flame frame

flank frank

flawed fraud

flay fray

flays phrase

flea/flee free

fled Fred

flesh fresh

flier friar

flight fright

flock frock

floe fro

floes froze

flog frog

floored fraud

flow fro

flute fruit

fly fry

flan Fran

flank frank

glade grade

glamor grammar

gland grand

glass grass

glassy grassy

glaze grays

glaze graze

glazier grazier

glean green

glebe grebe

glimmer grimmer

gloat groat

gloom groom

glow grow

glue grew


plank prank

plate prate

play pray / prey

plays praise

pleach preach

pleasance presence

pleasant present

pleasantly pleasantry

plied pride

pliers priors

plod prod

plop prop

plough prow

ploughed proud

ply pry


splay spray

splint sprint

splinter sprinter

split sprit

stalling storing

starling starring

Stirling stirring


medial
airless heiress

alight aright

alive arrive

allay array

allies arise

allows arouse

ally awry

aloe arrow

applies apprise

beggarly beggary

belated berated

believe bereave

belly berry

belly bury

beneficially beneficiary

bestially bestiary


calling coring

celebration cerebration

collect correct

collection correction

collective corrective

collie corrie

complies comprise

dearly dearie

Eileen Irene

elect erect

fairly fairy

fallow farrow

finally finery

functionally functionary

gallantly gallantry

gently gentry

hallow harrow

Helen heron

hireling hiring

holler horror

implicate imprecate

implication imprecation

jelly jerry

labelling laboring

mallow marrow

mandarin mandolin

masterly mastery

Mauritius malicious

miller mirror

mislead misread

molasses morasses

odorous odourless

ovary overly

overclouded overcrowded

overload overrode

overplays overpraise

palate parrot

palling poring

palling pouring

pally parry

palace Paris

penitentially penitentiary

pilot pirate

queerly query

Rosalie rosary

savagely savagery

secondly secondary

supplies surprise

sully Surrey

tally tarry

teller terror

telly Terry

towelling towering

usually usury

walling warring

whirling whirring


final
all are

bail bear

bill beer

call car

coal core

dial dire

dill deer

feel fear

file fire

final finer

foal foar

foal four

goal gore

hole hoar

mile mire

mole more

owl hour

pall par

pull poor

stole store


tile tire

wall war

we’ll we’re

well were


5 See also

  1. In proper IPA, /y/ is a rounded vowel, and /j/ is the English y-sound as in "yes." IPA was influenced by European languages, where often the letter <j> is pronounced like English <y>.
  2. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M. & Goodwin, J. M. (2010). Teaching pronunciation. Cambridge Univ. Press.